Amphibians or many reptiles have three-chambered hearts, while fishes, on the other hand, have only two chambered hearts. Note that not all organisms have 4-chambered heart. This transfers blood to the right ventricle, which in turn pumps it to the lungs for oxygenation. As the right atrium contracts, the corresponding lower chamber, the right ventricle, dilates.

De-oxygenated blood comes from the body to the upper – right chamber, the right atrium, as it expands.

When the muscular left ventricle contracts in its turn, the blood is pumped out to the body. The left atrium relaxes when it is collecting this blood and then contracts, while the next chamber, the left ventricle, expands, so that the blood is transferred to it.

The oxygen-rich blood from the lungs comes to the upper-left chamber of the heart, the left atrium.

On your screen you now see sectional view of the human heart, which you should definitely practice drawing as it has been asked in previous years. Now, since both oxygen and carbon dioxide have to be transported by the blood, the heart has different chambers to prevent the oxygen-rich blood from mixing with the blood containing carbon dioxide. The heart is a muscular organ which is as big as our fist. Thus, this blood needs to be pushed to each and every corner of the body, that too continuously! This job of pumping the blood around the body is done by our heart! Most of the nutrients, waste products, useful gases, etc are carried by our blood. The names and functions of these enzymes can be asked in exam for 1 mark, so we suggest that you read this section from NCERT thoroughly.Ĭheck this diagram of Human Alimentary Canal, which can be asked in exam, so do practice it. Here, note that there are some enzymes involved in the process, which help in the process of digestion.

The rest of the material is removed from the body via the anus.

The unabsorbed food is sent into the large intestine where more villi absorb water from this material.

The digested food is taken up by the walls of the intestine, which contains numerous finger-like projections called villi.This is done with help from secretion of liver and pancreas. From stomach, the food is released into the small intestine, where digestion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins takes place.Gastric glands present in the walls of the stomach release HCl, pepsin and mucus. From mouth, the food is taken to stomach via the oesophagus.Saliva makes the food wet, for easy movement through the alimentary canal. The process starts in our mouth, where our teeth help in crushing the food.The human digestive system is responsible for processing the food that we eat, and providing us with energy. Important diagrams – from this unit, diagramatic representation of cross-section of a leaf and stomatal pores can be asked, so make sure you practice drawing them atleast once before the exam. Other materials like nitrogen, phosphorus, iron and magnesium are taken up from the soil.

Water used in photosynthesis is taken up from the soil by the roots in terrestrial plants. Note that the exchange of gases occurs across the surface of stems, roots and leaves as well. The carbon dioxide required by the plant is obtained through tiny pores present on the surface of the leaves called stomata. (iii) Reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrates. (ii) Conversion of light energy to chemical energy and splitting of water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen. (i) Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll. The steps that take place during photosynthesis are: Let’s discuss each topic of Life Processes Class 10 one-by-one Nutrition in autotrophs:Īutotrophs fulfil their food and energy requirements by the process of photosynthesis.

Chapter life processes class 10